hi this is about a kernel mechanism... a process executes in 'user mode' normally. When it makes a system call it switches to 'kernel mode'. Now in 'user mode' it only as access to the process related data structures and in 'kernel mode',it can do anything. My Question is "Have I got everything right?" and secondly....do some processors have 'execution modes'? If so please give me some pointers to further information in that direction? thanks abhijeet